2023-24 Gender Equality Budget Statement
References
1 – 49
- European Institute for Gender Equality 2017, Economic Benefits of Gender Equality in the EU: EU and EU Member States overviews.
- Milner, A, Kavanagh, A, Scovelle, AJ, O’Neil, A, Kalb, G, Hewitt, B, and King, TL 2021, ‘Gender Equality and Health in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of Within-Country Indicators of Gender Equality in Relation to Health Outcomes’, Women’s Health Reports, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 113-123.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Australia, July 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Average Weekly Earnings, May 2023.
- Workplace Gender Equality Agency 2023, Women in leadership.
- Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet 2023, Draft National Care and Support Economy Strategy 2023.
- Fair Work Commission 2022, Occupational segregation and gender undervaluation, President’s Statement 4 November 2022.
- The NSW Public Service Commission uses median data for the NSW public sector pay gap. This explains the pay gap being significantly lower than the NSW gender pay gap of 11.8 per cent which is calculated based on Australian Bureau of Statistics average earnings data.
- NSW Public Service Commission 2022, Workforce Profile Report 2022.
- Tan, A, Brown, EL, Wood, N, and Sathanapally, A 2022, Women’s economic opportunities in NSW labour market and the impact of early childhood education and care, NSW Treasury
- NSW Productivity Commission 2023, Childcare choices: What parents want.
- NSW Government 2023, Safer Cities Survey Report – Perceptions of safety in public spaces and transport hubs across NSW.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Consumer Price Index Australia, June 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Consumer Price Index Australia, June 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Personal Safety Survey, 2021-22.
- NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research 2022, Domestic & Family Violence in NSW, 2018-2022.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, National, State and Territory population, Dec 2022.
- Parliament of New South Wales 2023, Members, at 13 September 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Average Weekly Earnings, Australia, May 2023.
- Australian Taxation Office 2023, Taxation statistics 2020–21 Table 24A: Super contributions, by state/territory, sex and age range. Based on average superannuation account balances of NSW females and males.
- Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA), Waves 2002-2021. Includes people aged 15-64 years.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, National, State and Territory population, Dec 2022.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021, Census of Population and Housing TableBuilder: STATE (UR) and SEXP by ASSNP Core Activity Need for Assistance.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Australia, July 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Australia, July 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021, Census of Population and Housing TableBuilder: STATE (UR) and SEXP by LFSP Labour Force and INGP Indigenous Status.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021, Census of Population and Housing TableBuilder: STATE (UR) and SEXP by LFSP Labour Force and LANP Language Used at Home (Based on women who speak a language other than English at home).
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Detailed, July 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Detailed, July 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Detailed July 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Australia, July 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Job Vacancies Australia, May 2023.
- Workplace Gender Equality Agency 2022, Rise in flexible work good for gender equality, but employers cautioned not to just ‘set and forget’, Media release.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021, Census of Population and Housing TableBuilder: STATE (UR) and SEXP by LFSP Labour Force and INGP Indigenous Status.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021, Census of Population and Housing TableBuilder: STATE (UR) and SEXP by LFSP Labour Force and LANP Language Used at Home (Based on women who speak a language other than English at home).
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Australia, July 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Australia, underemployment and underutilisation, July 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Underemployed workers, May 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Australia, July 2023 (Based on original data).
- Commonwealth of Australia 2023, National Strategy to Achieve Gender Equality – Discussion Paper.
- Workplace Gender Equality Agency 2022, Gender pay gap.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Average Weekly Earnings, May 2023.
- Australian Taxation Office 2023, Taxation statistics 2020–21 Table 24A: Super contributions, by state/territory, sex and age range. Based on average superannuation account balances of NSW females and males.
- Australian Taxation Office 2023, Taxation statistics 2020–21 Table 24A: Super contributions, by state/territory, sex and age range. Based on average superannuation account balances of NSW females and males.
- KPMG 2022, She’s Price(d)less: The Economics of the Gender Pay Gap, prepared with Diversity Council Australia (DCA) and the Workplace Gender Equality Agency (WGEA).
- Duncan, AS, Mavisakalyan, A and Salazar, S 2022, Gender Equity Insights 2022: The State of Inequality in Australia, Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre and Workplace Gender Equality Agency
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Detailed, February 2023; and Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Average Weekly Earnings, May 2023. Note this is based on national full time adult ordinary time earnings.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Average Weekly Earnings, May 2023. Note this is based on national full time adult ordinary time earnings.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Detailed, May 2023.
50 – 99
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Detailed, May 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Detailed, May 2023.
- Calculated based on employed persons by industry division and occupation unit group of main job, using the 1-Digit Level of the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) and 2-Digit Level of the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupation (ANZSCO). Quarterly data have been presented on an annualised basis with 2023 excluded.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Detailed, May 2023. Calculated based on employed persons by Occupation unit group of main job (ANZSCO), Sex, State and Territory.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Consumer Price Index Australia, June 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Consumer Price Index Australia, June 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Consumer Price Index Australia, June 2023.
- Workplace Gender Equality Agency 2023, Unpaid Care Work and the Labour Market Insight Paper; Australian Bureau of Statistics 2022, How Australians Use Their Time, 2020-21; and Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet 2023, Draft National Care and Support Economy Strategy 2023.
- Fair Work Commission 2022, Occupational segregation and gender undervaluation, President’s Statement 4 November 2022.
- Impact Economics and Policy 2022, Addressing Australia’s critical skills shortages: unlocking women’s economic participation, Chief Executive Women.
- Impact Economics and Policy 2022, Addressing Australia’s critical skills shortages: unlocking women’s economic participation, Chief Executive Women.
- Fair Work Commission 2022, Occupational segregation and gender undervaluation, President’s Statement 4 November 2022.
- Fair Work Commission 2022, Occupational segregation and gender undervaluation, President’s Statement 4 November 2022.
- Fair Work Commission 2023, Applications to vary modern awards, Aged Care Award 2010, Nurses Award 2020 and Social, Community, Home Care and Disability Services Industry Award 2010, Reasons for Decision, 18 May 2023.
- This includes workers covered under the Aged Care Award (personal care workers and recreation/lifestyle activities officers), Nurses Award (nursing assistants, enrolled nurses, registered nurses, nurse practitioners working in aged care) and Social, Community, Home Care and Disability Services Industry Award (home care workers working in aged care).
- NSW Public Service Commission 2022, Workforce Profile Report 2022.
- NSW Public Service Commission 2022, Workforce Profile Report 2022. The increase in the median remuneration of men was mainly due to the decrease in the number of men paid below the median. There were over 2,000 fewer men in the lower salary ranges in 2022 than 2021, mainly due to the privatisation of the State Transit Authority, where remuneration for bus drivers was below the median.
- The primary drivers of the median gender pay gap are the composition of the sector and gender dominance in some occupations, and the relative remuneration of the different groups. The median remuneration for females in the public sector has been sitting at the level applicable to registered nurses due to the large size of this cohort. The size of the male cohort paid the median remuneration is much smaller. Therefore, shifts in male remuneration relative to that of nurses is influencing the median pay gap.
- NSW Public Service Commission 2023, Workforce Profile Report 2022.
- Deloitte Access Economics 2017, School quality in Australia: Exploring the drivers of student outcomes and the links to practice and school quality, Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Education and Training.
- 70 Jensen, B 2010, Investing in our teachers, investing in our economy, Grattan Institute.
- Daley, J and Jensen, B 2010, Teacher quality key to better student performance and productivity, Grattan Institute.
- Stacey, M, Wilson, R and McGrath-Champ S 2020, ‘Triage in teaching: the nature and impact of workload in schools’, Asia Pacific Journal of Education, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 772-85.
- NSW Public Service Commission 2022, Workforce Profile Report 2022.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Detailed, Industry Occupation and Sector, May 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Detailed, Industry Occupation and Sector, May 2023.
- NSW Health 2020, Health Professionals Workforce Plan Consultation Report.
- National Skills Commission 2022, Skills Priority List 2022.
- Schwartz, S 2019, Educating the Nurse of the Future—Report of the Independent Review into Nursing Education, Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Health.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Detailed, Industry Occupation and Sector, May 2023.
- National Centre for Vocational Education and Research 2023, Total VET students and courses 2022: program enrolments, Databuilder.
- Commonwealth of Australia Department of Education 2023, Selected Higher Education Statistics- 2021 student data.
- Schwartz, S 2019, Educating the Nurse of the Future—Report of the Independent Review into Nursing Education, Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Health.
- World Health Organisation 2020, State of the world’s nursing 2020: investing in education, jobs and leadership.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Detailed, Industry Occupation and Sector, May 2023.
- Equity Economics 2021, The Social Sector in NSW: Capitalising on the Potential for Growth, New South Wales Council of Social Service.
- NCOSS and Impact Economics and Policy 2022, A Long Way to the Top: career opportunities and obstacles for women in the social services sector in NSW, Sydney; and Cortis, N and Blaxland, M 2017, Workforce Issues in the NSW Community Services Sector, Social Policy Research Centre, UNSW.
- NCOSS and Impact Economics and Policy 2022, A Long Way to the Top: career opportunities and obstacles for women in the social services sector in NSW, Sydney; and Cortis, N and Blaxland, M 2017, Workforce Issues in the NSW Community Services Sector, Social Policy Research Centre, UNSW.
- NCOSS and Impact Economics and Policy 2022, A Long Way to the Top: career opportunities and obstacles for women in the social services sector in NSW.
- NCOSS and Impact Economics and Policy 2022, A Long Way to the Top: career opportunities and obstacles for women in the social services sector in NSW.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Detailed, May 2023. Calculated based on employed persons by Occupation unit group of main job (ANZSCO), Sex, State and Territory.
- NSW Public Service Commission 2022, Workforce Profile Report 2022.
- Data provided by the Cabinet Office.
- NSW Treasury 2023, Board appointments, June 2023.
- Australian Institute of Company Directors 2023, Gender Diversity Progress Report, March – June 2023.
- Australian Institute of Company Directors 2016, Gender Diversity Progress Report, June – August 2016.
- Baxter, J 2019, Fathers and work: A statistical overview, Australian Institute of Family Studies.
- Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA), Waves 2002-2021. Includes people aged 15-64 years.
- Tan, A, Brown, EL, Wood, N, and Sathanapally, A 2022, Women’s economic opportunities in NSW labour market and the impact of early childhood education and care, NSW Treasury.
- Tan, A, Brown, EL, Wood, N, and Sathanapally, A 2022, Women’s economic opportunities in NSW labour market and the impact of early childhood education and care, NSW Treasury.
100 – 149
- Australian Competition and Consumer Commission 2023, Childcare inquiry – Interim report.
- NSW Productivity Commission 2023, Childcare choices: What parents want.
- NSW Productivity Commission 2023, Childcare choices: What parents want.
- National Skills Commission 2022, Employment Projections.
- Australian Children’s Education and Care Quality Authority 2019, Progressing a national approach to the children’s education and care workforce.
- NSW Department of Education 2017, Literature Review Early Childhood Education Workforce issues in Australian and international contexts.
- Non-traditional occupations are defined as those where women make up less than 25 per cent of the workforce or which have been traditionally male-dominated.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Labour Force Detailed, May 2023.
- NSW Department of Education 2021, Women in Trades Strategy NSW Trade Pathways Program 2021 -2024.
- NSW Government 2023, Infrastructure Skills Legacy Program.
- NSW Procurement Board 2023, PBD 2023-01 Skills, Training, and diversity in construction, NSW Procurement Board Direction.
- Australian Human Rights Commission 2020, Respect@Work: National Inquiry into Sexual Harassment in Australian Workplaces.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021, Census of Population and Housing TableBuilder: STATE (UR) and SEXP by LFSP Labour Force and INGP Indigenous Status.
- NSW Government 2023, Safer Cities Survey Report – Perceptions of safety in public spaces and transport hubs across NSW.
- NSW Government 2023, Safer Cities Survey Report – Perceptions of safety in public spaces and transport hubs across NSW.
- NSW Government 2023, Safer Cities Survey Report – Perceptions of safety in public spaces and transport hubs across NSW.
- NSW Office of Sport, Her Sport Her Way Strategy 2019-2023.
- Australian Sports Commission 2023, Participation Trends in Australia since 2001, AusPlay Data Portal.
- Male Champions of Change 2019, Pathway to Pay Equality – Elite Women Athletes.
- Male Champions of Change 2019, Pathway to Pay Equality – Elite Women Athletes.
- Champions of Change Coalition 2022, Pathway to Gender Equality in Sport: Progress Report 2021-22.
- Eather, N, Wade, L, Pankowiak, A and Eime, R 2023, ‘The impact of sports participation on mental health and social outcomes in adults: a systematic review and the ‘Mental Health through Sport’ conceptual model’, Systematic Review, vol. 12, no. 102, pp. 1-27.
- Australian Sports Commission 2023, Sports related participation – Frequency of participation Calendar Year 2022 Female aged 5-14 residing in NSW, AusPlay Data Portal.
- Australian Sports Commission 2023, Sports related participation – Frequency of participation Calendar Year 2022 Female aged 5-14 residing in NSW – language spoken at home – annual household income, AusPlay Data Portal; and NSW Office of Sport 2023, Her Sport Her Way Year Four Action Plan 2022-2023.
- Australian Sports Commission 2023, Demographics of participants – at least three times per week participation 2022 Calendar Year Adult Female residing in NSW, AusPlay Data Portal.
- Australian Sports Commission 2023, Sport-related participation – Frequency of participation, 2022 Calendar Year Adult Female compared to Adult Male residing in NSW, AusPlay Data Portal.
- Zarrett, N, Veliz, PT, and Sabo, D 2020, Keeping Girls in the Game: Factors that Influence Sport Participation, New York, NY: Women’s Sports Foundation; Victoria University 2023, Factors relating to women and girls’ participation (retention and dropout) in sport – summary and recommendations, Institute for Health and Sport; and NSW Office of Sport, Her Sport Her Way Strategy 2019-2023.
- Confederation of Australian Sport (CAS) 2013, Retaining the membership of women in sport, Canberra, CAS; NSW Office of Sport, Her Sport Her Way Strategy 2019-2023; and NSW Office of Sport 2023, Her Sport Her Way Year Four Action Plan 2022-2023.
- Roberts A, Clarke A, Fox-Harding C, Askew G, MacMahon C, and Nimphius S, 2022, ‘She’ll be ‘Right…but Are They? An Australian Perspective on Women in High Performance Coaching’, Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, vol. 4; and Drury S, Stride A, Fitzgerald H, Hyett-Allen N, Pylypiuk L, and Whitford-Stark J 2022, ‘“I’m a Referee, Not a Female Referee”: The Experiences of Women Involved in Football as Coaches and Referees’, Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, vol. 3.
- Cassells, R and Duncan, A 2020, Gender Equity Insights 2020: Delivering the Business Outcomes, BCEC | WGEA Gender Equity Series, Issue 5.
- NSW Office of Sport 2022, State Sporting Organisational Health Survey – Results 2017/18 – 2021/22; and NSW Office of Sport 2023, Her Sport Her Way Year Four Action Plan 2022-23.
- Murray, P, Lord, R, and Lormer, R 2020, ‘How the Perceived Effectiveness of a Female Coach is influenced by their apparent Masculinity/ Femininity’, The Sport Journal, vol. 41, no. 2; and Schull, VD and Kihl, LA 2019, ‘Gendered Leadership Expectations in Sport: Constructing Differences in Coaches’, Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1–11.
- NSW Office of Sport 2023, Her Sport Her Way Year Four Action Plan 2022-2023.
- NSW Office of Sport 2023, Her Sport Her Way Year Four Action Plan 2022-2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Consumer Price Index Australia, June 2023. Special Data Request.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Consumer Price Index Australia, June 2023.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2022, Annual weight update of the CPI and Living Cost Indexes, December 2022; and Australian Bureau of Statistics 2020, Non-Discretionary and Discretionary Inflation.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Average Weekly Earnings, May 2023.
- Liptember Foundation 2023, Women’s mental health in Australia: Identifying gaps and trends for better mental health, p. 38-39.
- Liptember Foundation 2023, Women’s mental health in Australia: Identifying gaps and trends for better mental health, p. 36.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Consumer Price Index Australia, June 2023.
- CoreLogic Asia Pacific 2023, CoreLogic Rental Insights June 2023.
- NSW Treasury analysis.
- CoreLogic Asia Pacific 2023, CoreLogic Rental Insights June 2023.
- NSW Treasury analysis.
- CoreLogic 2023, Women & Property Australia Report 2023.
- NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research 2023, Domestic Violence Statistics.
- Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute 2023, What are the real costs of Australia’s housing crisis for women?
- Flanagan, K, Blunden, H, Valentine, K and Henriette, J 2019, Housing outcomes after domestic and family violence, AHURI Final Report.
- Duckett, S, Stobart, A and Lin, L 2022, Not so universal: How to reduce out-of-pocket healthcare payments, Grattan Institute, p. 15.
150 – 182
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Average Weekly Earnings, November 2022; and Duckett, S, Stobart, A and Lin, L 2022, Not so universal: How to reduce out-of-pocket healthcare payments, Grattan Institute, p. 11.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2022, Patient Experiences, 2021-22.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2022, Patient Experiences, 2021-22.
- Jean Hailes for Women’s Health 2022, National Women’s Health Survey 2022.
- Jean Hailes for Women’s Health National Women’s Health Survey 2022 reported ‘LGBTI’ as respondents who identified as non-binary, transgender or intersex, or reported sexual orientation as bisexual, gay, lesbian or other.
- Jean Hailes for Women’s Health 2022, National Women’s Health Survey 2022.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2022, Patient Experiences, 2021-22.
- Better Health Channel 2022, Urinary tract infections (UTI), Victorian Government.
- Women’s Health NSW 2022, Sustainable Investment in NSW Women’s Health Centres for the Women’s Health Program: Business Case October 2022.
- NSW Ministry of Health 2017, Mapping of NSW Women’s Health Centres: Literature Review 2017.
- Women’s Health NSW 2022, Sustainable Investment in NSW Women’s Health Centres for the Women’s Health Program: Business Case October 2022.
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2023, Cancer data in Australia.
- Cancer Institute NSW 2022, Cancer type summaries: Breast cancer.
- Cancer Institute NSW 2022, Cancer type summaries: Breast cancer incidence and projections.
- Family Planning NSW 2020, Inquiry into health outcomes and access to health and hospital services in rural, regional and remote New South Wales – Submission of Family Planning NSW.
- Family Planning NSW 2020, Contraception in Australia 2005-2018.
- Family Planning NSW 2020, Contraception in Australia 2005-2018.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Personal Safety Survey: NSW, 2021-22.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics 2023, Personal Safety Survey: Key Findings, 2021-22.
- NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research 2022, Domestic & Family Violence in NSW, 2018-2022.
- Impact Economics and Policy 2022, Aftershock: Addressing the Economic and Social Costs of the Pandemic and Natural Disasters: Report Two – Domestic and Family Violence.
- Impact Economics and Policy 2022, Aftershock: Addressing the Economic and Social Costs of the Pandemic and Natural Disasters: Report Two – Domestic and Family Violence.
- William, J, Loong, B, Hanna, D, Parkinson, B and Loxton, D 2022, ‘Lifetime health costs of intimate partner violence: A prospective longitudinal cohort study with linked data for out-of-hospital and pharmaceutical costs’, Economic Modelling, vol. 116.
- William, J, Loong, B, Hanna, D, Parkinson, B and Loxton, D 2022, ‘Lifetime health costs of intimate partner violence: A prospective longitudinal cohort study with linked data for out-of-hospital and pharmaceutical costs’, Economic Modelling, vol 116.
- NSW Treasury 2023, First Nations Women’s Economic Participation Review: Pathways to Prosperity.
- NSW Treasury 2023, First Nations Women’s Economic Participation Review: Pathways to Prosperity.
- Segrave, M, Wickes, R and Keel, C 2021, Migrant and Refugee Women in Australia: The Safety and Security Survey, Monash University.
- Segrave, M, Wickes, R and Keel, C 2021, Migrant and Refugee Women in Australia: The Safety and Security Survey, Monash University.
- Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety 2016, Promoting community-led responses to violence against immigrant and refugee women in metropolitan and regional Australia: The ASPIRE Project: Final report.
- Full Stop Australia 2022, Funding boost to the NSW Sexual Violence Helpline under NSW Labor, Media release.
- NSW Government 2023, Further extension granted to NSW Special Commission of Inquiry into LGBTIQ hate crimes, Media release.
- Downes, R and Nicol, S 2020, ‘Designing and implementing gender budgeting – a path to action’, OECD Journal on Budgeting, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 67-96.
- Cortis, N and Blaxland, M 2017, Workforce Issues in the NSW Community Services Sector (SPRC Report 07/17), Social Policy Research Centre, UNSW.
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