Installing automatic air elimination valves

Trapped air in circulatory heated water pipe systems can lead to increased corrosion of pipes as well as cause column separation which causes water hammer, pressure surges and cavitation.

Water hammer is caused by sudden changes in velocity. Trapped air leading to column separation and fast-acting valves or tapware can be causes of water hammer within heated water pipework. Piping should be designed so that entrapped air is automatically removed and pipes are sized to minimize the effect of pressure shock.

Cavitation is the formation of vapour bubbles within a liquid, which can occur due to rapid drop in pressure. When a vapour bubble collapses it generates an immediate pressure shock wave of several thousand kilopascals and extreme temperatures. Vapour bubbles that collapse near a pipe wall or surface will over time cause significant damage to the piping material. Cavitation damage is more likely to occur in heated water piping systems at higher water temperatures due to a reduced vapour pressure of the liquid. As the temperature of water increases and the pressure decreases the ability of a liquid to contain dissolved gases reduces and vapour bubbles form. The damage to pipes typically occurs when vapour bubbles are present and the pressure of the system increases, forcing the vapour bubbles to implode. Heated water plant located on the rooftops of high-rise buildings with the piping system circulating down throughout the building are particularly susceptible to these actions. Where the heated water plant is located within the basement of high-rise buildings it is the return pipe that becomes susceptible to damage. Central heated water systems should be designed and installed to eliminate the damaging effects of cavitation.